Introduction: Some studies conducted so far suggest that exercising during adolescence and young age can increase the amount and density of bone minerals to be stored for the age of senility. However, it has not been confirmed yet what type and intensity of bone minerals may provide for a maximum rate of the anabolic stimulation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare the amount and density of the bone minerals in male soccer and handball professional athletes with those of male non-athletes’.Materials and Methods: This is a an experimental research study on 42 males ranging 20-30 years old who were divided into three groups consisting of: 14 professional soccer athletes (Experimental Group 1) ,14 professional handball athletes (Experimental Group 2) and 14 young male non-athletes (Control Group). The athletes had the experience of at least three continuous years of regular professional exercising (3 sessions a week) and participating in national championships. These participants were selected from Mashhad athletic clubs, while the non-athletes were experiencing their first session of exercising in the club. Using DEXA, the participants’ BMD of arm femur and bone mass was measured. Then, the collected data were investigated at the significance level of 5 percent, using descriptive statistics and unilateral variance analysis as well as LSD pursuit test.Results: The obtained results from this research indicate that there was not any significant difference among the three groups of the study in terms of BMD of the arms. Also, in terms of femur and bone mass, there was no significant difference between two groups of athletes, i.e. soccer players and handball players (P=0.465). However, the findings suggest a significant difference between the control group and soccer player group (P=0.001) and also between the control and handball player group (P=0.004).Conclusion: As a result, the findings of this study conform to the theory which states that bone response to the mechanical loading depends on the type and style of athletic activities.

Introduction: Steoporosis is currently one of the prevalent diseases. The effect of exercise on bone marrow density (BMD) has been documented for all age groups. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of endurance vs. resistance trainings on local Bone Mineral Density (BMD) changes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six volunteer female university students (age average: 22.58±1.56; Body Mass Index average: 22.85±2.17), with sedentary lifestyles, were selected and randomly divided to three groups (n=12 in each group). These groups were determined as: The endurance group who ran for 36 sessions on a treadmill over a period of 3 weeks at 70 to 80 percent of the maximum heart-beat rate. They were required to run for 40 minutes per session on the other hand, the resistance group received 36 circuit training sessions at the rate of 70 to 80 percent of 1RM with 6 to 8 repetitions in 3 sets with 2 minutes of rest in between. The third group of the study was the control group.Results: Both the endurance and the resistance training protocols induced significant increases in BMD in the areas of lumbar, neck and femur (P<0.05). However, the variation was more significant for the endurance group in the neck and femur while it was in the aerobic group where better effects were observed in the lumbar region (P<0.05). Conclusion: There was no considerable differences between the two modes of exercise (i.e. endurance and resistance) in terms of the increase of skeleton’s local bone mineral density.

Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the most widely used measurement for the assessment of bone mass in osteoporosis. In clinical measurement, bone width can affect bone mineral parameters. The purpose of this study was to examine the dependence of bone mineral parameters on bone width. In this study, DXA measurements were conducted on rabbit bone in vivo using clinical instruments. We have selected rabbit’s bones that have low BMD and more collagen tissue to predict structure not only measures BMD, but is also sensitive to the structure of the bone. To investigate the effect of bone width on the measured parameters, three regions of femur and tibia bones (N=132) were processed: upper (1/3 of length), middle (1/2 of length) and lower (2/3 of length) for BMC, areal BMD and volumetric BMD. The ANOVA analysis of bone mineral extracted by DXA showed significant differences (P<0.05) between BMC, BMDa and BMDv of six groups of upper, middle and lower parts of the femur and the tibia. It shows that BMC and BMD correlate well with the bone width, but BMDv inversely correlates with bone width. Linear and nonlinear regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between DXA characteristics with bone width and the regression function for each parameter is given. We concluded that BMC, areal BMD, and volumetric BMD in rabbit's bone with collagen fibers more than bone mineral are dependent on bone width. This result may be at least in part due to large precision error measurement of the bone width, in vivo.

We took up as the purpose of this study the measurement of the BMD (bone mineral density) of the neck of femur and radius in female athletes participating in weight bearing (WB) as well as non weight bearing activities in Iran and the world. Non athlete females were also included in the measurement. To initiate the study, 23 female athletes (age 20 to 25) were selected. They were all from the Iranian national teams engaged in swimming, tennis, table tennis, and gymnastics, and had sport activity at least for 1 0 years, 3 days a week. Subjects were free of problems, which would affect their bone mineral density. BMD measurement was conducted in two areas of the body (necks of femur and radius), then statistical analysis was performed on data using (x=0.05). Results indicated that in the neck of femur, values of BMD for female athletes were higher than standard values of BMD for non-athlete females. Compared with standard values of BMD in Iran, the difference was significant for gymnasts, the tennis players and the swimmers, but not for the table tennis players. Comparison with world standard values showed the difference to be significant for gymnasts and the tennis players, but not for the swimmers and the table tennis players. In radius, the values of BMD for the female athlete was lower than standard values for non athletes but the differences were not significant for the two groups of table tennis players and gymnasts. Comparing the four groups of athletes there were differences in values of BMD in the two areas, but the difference was meaningful only for the gymnasts. BMD for swimmers (NWB) was lower than other groups of athletes (WB) in this study but the difference was not significant.

Introduction: Osteopenia of trabecular-rich bone tissues in patients with urolithiasis has been suggested. We performed a study to evaluate the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in Iranian patients with recurrent urinary tract stones. Methods: In this case control study 24 male patients, aged 30-50 years old, who had recurrent urolithiasis (more than once per year) and were referred to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) unit, entered our study. We also valuated 24 healthy male controls of a comparable age group. Both groups had similar diets. Ages, body mass index (weight/height2), stone disease duration and BMD of two ports, Lumbar spine (L2-L4) and femur region were evaluated and compared in both groups. Linear, regression and t-test were used to analyze the data.Results: Excluding confounding factors, BMD difference in both lumbar and femur region between patients and controls were statistically significant (P<0.01). BMD results were quite independent of age and body mass index. According to regression analysis, there was a significant correlation between BMD of lumbar and duration of urolithiasis (P<0.001, r=-0.73). The same significant correlation existed between BMD of femur and duration of disease, although not as the previous one (P<0.01, r=-0.52). Conclusion: BMD decrease in patients with urolithiasis may herald a primary defect of bone metabolism. As 30% of patients were osteopenic, calcium intake and its restriction should be monitored in these patients.

Renal transplantation triggers an early bone loss that increases the subsequent risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Little is known about the outcome of bone status after transplantation, specially, in-patient of southwest region of Asia. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional evaluation of bone status to find out the frequency and predictors of osteoporosis in kidney graft recipients patients in Iran.Spinal and hipbone mineral density were assessed using a DEXA Lunar DPX-MD scanner in 61 renal graft recipients in Tehran, Iran.In this study, 44% of patients were men (27) and 56% of them were women (34). Mean of age of them was accordingly 44.3±10.44 and 40/7±13.77. Mean of transplant duration was 33.9±33.2 months (minimum was 3 month and maximum 172 months). Mean of dialysis time was 12±14 months (0-72 months ). Osteoporosis, according to the World Health Organization definition, was observed in 18 patients (29.5% of the total population) in any of the Total or Neck or L2-L4 region (14.8% in Neck, 19.7% in Total, 16.4% in L2-L4 regions). Frequency of osteoporosis was significantly higher in lowest BMI group (p = 0.007). Age, sex, transplantation duration, dialysis time, cause of renal failure, steroid cumulative dosage, cyclosporine cumulative dosage, had no significant relationship with bone loss in any of regions. These data emphasize the high prevalence of osteoporosis in Iranian kidney graft recipients. Screening and therapeutic intervention in these patients is urgently needed.